Another quiet chat at a function in Yes Minister. British political comedy from the BBC.
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Biology is the study of life and comprises all levels from the molecular to the global. Biology is the study living organisms, their organization and their functions and biology is a large part of the way our environment evolved from simple organisms and is thus intimately part of our environment. Biology is a very broad field, covering the minute workings of chemical machines inside our cells, to broad scale concepts of ecosystems and global climate change. Biologists study subjects which range from intimate details of the human brain, the composition of our genes, and even the functioning of our reproductive system to the building blocks of the simplest organisms on earth which created our oxygen rich atmosphere capable of supporting higher life forms. Without biological processes you and I would not exist, nor the planet as we know it.

Biological systems in contrast to physical are vastly more complex, their function based on small numbers of units (atoms, molecules, cells) that are not at equilibrium. There are no biological laws of nature the way we find them in physics; the first and second law of thermodynamics, Heisenberg\’s uncertainty principle, Newton\’s law of gravity etc.

The supreme importance of the role of biology in environment can be seen if we consider biotechnology. Biotechnology, as Aldous Huxley foresaw in Brave New World (1932), can usher in as profound a revolution as industrialization did in the early 19th century. It will parallel vast other themes the expansion of artificial intelligence, the opening of the inner solar system to economic use, and much, much more.

Biologists tolerate a level of mystery in their work that would drive your average engineer or computer programmer crazy. Biologists can see that role of biology in environment has shaped our very nature and being. Just look at the human genome studies that have been done. The biologists have put together a complete rough draft of the human genome but they have little understanding of how those 40,000 or so genes work together and interact with our environment to make a human.

Biologists, geneticists, and doctors have had limited success in curing complex diseases such as cancer, HIV, and diabetes because traditional biology generally looks at only a few aspects of an organism at a time. Again, we would suggest that this is due to the role of biology in environment which is so complex that the unraveling of these interactions is only now beginning to be discovered.

Biological processes of course are consequences of physics and chemistry, which is why we require biology students to study the physical sciences. But organisms are also historical entities molded by their environment both physical and social, and that’s where the complexities arise.

Synthetic Biologists build artificial biological systems in an analogous way, using individual components such as single genes and enzymes for which the reactivity and the products formed are accurately known. Synthetic biology will catch up even faster when it appreciates role of biology in environment. Assembly of simple synthetic circuits using DNA fibers has been demonstrated.

Systems Biology is the application of mathematical/physical modeling to understanding the functions of biological processes. It describes a multi-component approach, combining theoretical modeling with real data about the interaction between genes and their products within the environment. Arising from this is the need to interpret large datasets of complex biological information. It seeks to integrate the knowledge derived from the study of individual components of cells to their performance as integral elements of cells, tissues and populations.

So, in summary we are suggesting that the role of biology in environment cannot be ignored at any level, nor could the reverse be true. Throughout evolution environment has influenced the development of biological systems which in their turn have fed back into the environment and changed the environment to the one in which we live today. The role of biology in environment is simply to have made the environment in which we all live our lives.

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Recycled Paper:  Exploding the Myths
Paper and paper products are the largest single component of society’s waste stream.  The movement to recycle paper and manufacture products is primarily an effort to reduce the amount of costly, disposable waste.  When we choose to use recycled paper for our businesses and homes, we don’t have to sacrifice quality.  Recycled paper is readily available in many high quality grades meeting the same technical specifications as virgin (tree) paper.  The quality of recycled paper has improved significantly over the years, so that it performs well in office copiers, fax machines, printers and printing machines.

The First Paper Mill in the U.S.  Recycled
Believe it or not, the very first paper mill originated in the U.S. colonies in 1690 close to Philadelphia, and operated as a recycling mill.  The paper mill created paper from recycled cotton and rags.  It wasn’t until the 1800s that papermakers learned to make paper from trees.  Back then papermakers thought the resources of the forest were limitless and capable of constantly renewing itself.  Today we realize that our natural resources do have limits and sustainable alternatives must be implemented to protect the world’s environment.

Just the Facts
Recycled paper is widely used in products today.  Newspapers, magazines, books catalogs, direct mail, tissue and towel products, packaging products and more use recycled paper.  Still, there are many myths surrounding recycling and recycled paper.

Myth 1: Recycled paper doesn’t have a professional appearance.
You can easily find a variety of quality and grades available.  You’ll find paper made just for business cards, letterhead, and brochures, tissue and towel papers and more just as easily in recycled paper products.  Recycled paper is often cost-comparative to virgin paper.

Myth 2: It doesn’t make sense to buy recycled products because they cost more. In the instances where recycled paper does cost more than virgin paper, the average cost difference is generally around 10 to 20-percent.  The tremendous benefits to the environment outweigh this cost difference in the end.

Myth 3: You compromise quality when you go with recycled paper products. 
When recycled paper was first introduced, it was known for being discolored and uneven in texture and appearance.  Today’s recycled paper products with even 100-percent post consumer content are comparable in quality to virgin paper products.

Myth 4: All paper is recycled now anyway.
Actually post-consumer recycled paper comprises only about 10-percent of the printing and stationary market.  90-percent of these industries still use virgin paper.

Myth 5: The poor quality of recycled paper creates paper jams in machines.
You should have no problem finding quality, recycled paper to use in printers, fax machines copiers and other equipment.  Whether you are using recycled paper or virgin paper the key is to pick the right paper for the task (e.g. copier paper for the copier).

Myth 6: The fibers in recycled paper create excess dust which can damage machinery.
This is not just a recycled paper issue.  Whether you choose recycled paper or virgin paper, make sure to use high quality paper to reduce the incidence of dust.

Myth 7: Tree-free and chlorine-free recycled paper is the best.
This is an example of misused definitions.  “Tree-free” refers to an alternative fiber source such as hemp, kenaf or cotton which is used to make the paper.  “Chlorine-free” refers to the bleaching process.  These terms are not directly related to the recycling process.  Most recycled papers however, are classified as processed chlorine-free (PCF) which makes them environmentally friendly in this additional way.

Myth 8: Burning paper for energy is much better than recycling.

Paper can be recycled over and over multiple times.  This saves trees, water, energy and reduces pollution, increasing the value of recycling.

Myth 9: Recycling paper damages the environment.
Ultimately, recycling conserves the environment by saving trees, water and energy.  However, there is a sludge produced from recycling as in virgin paper production.  Most sludge tests non-toxic, but toxic sludge can be properly disposed of.

Myth 10: Buying recycled paper doesn’t really help the environment.
This is probably the biggest myth of all.  Paper that goes into landfills produces large amounts of methane gas.  This contributes to global warming.  The Environmental Protection Agency reports that virgin paper decomposition in landfills is one of the biggest sources of methane.  In addition the manufacture of recycled paper saves on energy, water, pollution and reduces pressures on our dwindling forests.

In 1963, the first edition of Legal and Regulatory Environment of Business, authored by Bob Corley, started a new course emphasizing the legal environment in which business is conducted. By focusing on the public nature of how government regulates business activities, rather than simply how businesses privately make transactions, a movement away from traditional Business Law began. Through its previous 14 editions, The Legal and Regulatory Environment of Business has been the leader in setting

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